Smoking and Psychospiritual Disorders: Studies suggest that smoking, particularly among individuals with psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, might serve as a form of self-medication to alleviate cognitive deficits or negative symptoms. This is attributed to nicotine's effects on dopamine systems, though it also carries significant health risks.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Classical Daoist Chinese medicine emphasizes holistic approaches to emotional and spiritual well-being, which might include therapies like moxibustion or other smoke-based rituals.
Psychospiritual Therapies: Psychospiritual approaches often integrate alternative methods such as mindfulness, rituals, or spiritual exploration to address mental, traditional practices may include symbolic uses of smoke for purification